Abstract Paper aims This paper presents the literature findings of the Covid-19 vaccines supply chain, its main challenges and best practices, which are compared and verified empirically. Originality The questionnaire developed in this study provides new empirical data about the Covid-19 vaccines supply chain, especially regarding the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic in the chain, as these events are still recent. Research method A questionnaire was sent by e-mail to specialists working with the Covid-19 vaccine supply chain in South America. Each response was compared to the literature findings. Main findings Despite the challenges faced by vaccination programs, some countries have achieved good results due to strategies adopted at the beginning of their immunization campaigns. The empirical research confirmed that literature findings match business reality, although some empirical results vary depending on the scenario of the country regarding the impacts of the pandemic. Implications for theory and practice This paper summarizes the Covid-19 vaccine supply chain and its challenges, best practices of the most successful countries regarding the immunization process, providing a better understanding of the pandemic scenario. Some empirical data corroborate the literature, and some discrepancies allow the formulation of suppositions that may be tested in future studies.

Abstract Paper aims The paper aims to analyze preparedness and response for epidemics and pandemics, taking as reference the COVID-19 pandemic, to provide a foundation for developing a preparedness and response protocol to guide Civil Defenses fighting against health threats. For this purpose, we present the results of interviews carried out with Brazilian Civil Defenses, evaluating the role and the type of responsibility (in charge or supportive) of 12 entities in four key areas: (i) awareness and training; (ii) surveillance; (iii) information and communication; (iv) logistics and supplies. Originality The role of Civil Defenses in health threats still needs to be explored in academia. We often see Civil Defenses working to reduce risks and damages suffered by the population in case of disasters such as floods, landslides, and fires. In this paper, we go deeper into Civil Defense’s role and show that its efforts can be headed to face biological disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In this sense, the paper is original as it brings an innovative outlook on the role of Civil Defense, providing inputs for developing a preparedness and response protocol for epidemics and pandemics. Research method We analyze 12 Brazilian Civil Defenses from different States in Brazil. The results were gathered through 9 interviews via video call and three responses from a questionnaire that guided the interviews. We evaluated data from Civil Defenses individually, and then using content analysis, we categorized the data to structure the results and raise essential insights. Main findings Most of the actions taken by the Civil Defenses during the pandemic response included logistics-related activities such as storage, transportation, distribution of required supplies, and mobilization of supply operations. Implications for theory and practice The findings emphasize the capacity of Civil Defenses to act in a vast scope of disasters, including biological disasters. Also, this study helps practitioners to develop guidelines and protocols to support Civil Defense in preparedness and response activities to epidemics and pandemics.

Abstract Paper aims This paper aims the use of Social Network Analysis (SNA) as an assessment tool to answer the following research questions: (i) Who are the actors in Humanitarian Operations Networks (HON)?; and (ii) Which actors exert influence on HON? Originality This paper proposes the use of SNA in a different context, bringing new technics to the field of humanitarian logistics. Research method Multiple methodological tools are used such as UCINET, Cytoscape, and EXCEL® to apply SNA in the Brazilian context of sudden-onset natural disaster-response operations. Main findings This application validates the consistency of using SNA to assess HON, besides validating the stakeholder relationship model of the Public, Private, and People sectors in disaster-response operations. Implications for theory and practice Results show strong participation of the public sector in disaster-response operations in Brazil, indicating the need for greater engagement from civil society. Besides, the proposed method can be adopted in the context of any other country. (SNA questions i (i HON (HON)? ii (ii logistics UCINET Cytoscape EXCEL suddenonset sudden onset disasterresponse disaster response Public Private Brazil society Besides country (HON) (HON

Abstract Paper aims This paper analyzes Command and Control (C2) Systems and identifies the level of knowledge on the subject by actors involved in disaster response operations in Brazil, besides assessing the evolution in this area since the disaster of the Serrana Region of Rio de Janeiro in 2011. Originality The concept of C2 is still little explored academically, especially in disaster management systems. This study contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of different C2 Systems operated in Brazil, as well as identifying the level of knowledge on the subject and its evolution since 2011. Research method This is an exploratory survey in which data was analyzed using descriptive statistics techniques. Main findings We conclude that the actors involved in real disaster situations have little formal training in C2. The findings indicate that the performance of a simulated exercise helps in disaster preparedness, but the participants observed deficiencies concerning C2 training besides the lack of local community involvement in the simulated exercise. Implications for theory and practice This study contributes to the disaster management literature, showing empirical evidence that the results obtained in a simulated exercise can boost the specialization of professionals in C2 systems in the area of disasters.

Abstract Paper aims This paper analyzes the food aid supply and distribution for famine relief by the World Food Programme (WFP) in Ethiopia. Food insecurity has increasingly affected people around the world. Furthermore, the characteristics of the provision of humanitarian aid in insecure regions pose several additional challenges over traditional distribution planning (e.g., corruption, losses in last-mile distribution, security escorts). Originality Most previous studies addressing famine relief are qualitative, with only a handful including mathematical modeling as this work. Furthermore, we validate our mathematical model with data from a real problem setting. Research method We propose a stochastic transshipment network flow model to ensure the efficient allocation of limited resources. Main findings The results show high potential for cost savings and offer managerial insights to humanitarian logisticians on the food aid supply and distribution. Our findings indicate that policies in humanitarian logistics should focus on: (a) relaxing legislation for customs clearance of humanitarian supplies; (b) strengthening local market to increase local procurement; (c) implementing tools to enhance security; and (d) monitoring distribution to mitigate the impact of corruption. Implications for theory and practice The results suggest that optimizing food aid distribution in Ethiopia can save millions of people vulnerable to malnutrition.

Abstract Paper aims Considering that disaster preparedness is essential for a prompt and effective response, this paper presents a study to locate disaster relief supplies. Originality This paper marks the first time a multi-criteria stochastic methodology addresses humanitarian location problems. Research method We propose a multi methodology approach that employs an optimization model and a multi-criteria decision analysis. Based on logistics costs and penalties assigned for unmet demand, a stochastic model minimizes the total operational cost of opening distribution centers for pre-positioning disaster relief supplies. As decisions in humanitarian operations have multiple criteria and small differences in costs may not be significant by considering other criteria, we perform an analysis of the stochastic model solutions through Multi-criteria Decision Analysis. Main findings The findings show that the stochastics model leads to good results in uncertainty accommodation and that the consideration of qualitative and quantitative criteria improves decisions in humanitarian operations, especially when the supplies available are not enough to meet all the demand requirements. Implications for theory and practice The methodology was used by Civil Defense to locate warehouses for prepositioning relief supplies in Sao Paulo State, Brazil.

Abstract Paper aims Based on the naval logistics doctrine, this paper describes and analyzes the Brazilian Navy's actions and the obstacles encountered in humanitarian operations conducted during the earthquakes in Haiti and Chile, both in 2010. Originality The main contribution is to report the use of Brazilian military personnel in humanitarian operations, with its distinct characteristics, serving as a basis for future works on this theme. Research method The research is qualitative and descriptive with an exploratory objective, based on Brazilian Navy mission reports, the legal doctrines that govern military logistics, and interview with militaries. Main findings The analysis of the reported cases brings lessons that the Naval Force may incorporate into possible future humanitarian operations. Implications for theory and practice The findings can also serve as a reference for a benchmark discussion of military operations in disaster response.

Resumo A gestão da cadeia de suprimentos humanitária envolve que decisões sejam tomadas antes, durante e depois que um desastre acontece, e esta tomada de decisões trata-se de um dos grandes desafios que agentes humanitários devem encarar. O presente estudo desenvolve um modelo conceitual de simulador organizacional para análise de decisões logísticas e, a partir deste modelo conceitual, propõe um jogo logístico humanitário direcionado a permitir que gestores e estudantes de operações humanitárias observem e vivenciem a tomada de decisão nos contextos de desastres. Como metodologia, a pesquisa bibliográfica foi utilizada como base para desenvolvimento do modelo conceitual e para a proposta de jogo humanitário. O modelo conceitual e a proposta de jogo foram aplicados, para validação, a dois estudos de caso relacionados ao combate a fome. A viabilidade e uso do modelo conceitual e do jogo em treinamentos foram validados, assim como sua utilização no suporte a tomada de decisão em gerenciamento de operações humanitárias.

Abstract Humanitarian supply chain management mainly involves logistics decisions that must be made before, during and after a disaster and is one of the standard challenges that relief agents must address. This study developed a conceptual model of an organizational simulator to analyse logistics decisions and proposed a humanitarian logistics game using this model that allows humanitarian relief managers and students to observe disaster scenarios and to experience in context decision making. Methodologically, bibliographic research served as the basis for developing the conceptual model and for proposing the game. Both the model and the proposed game were applied to two case studies involving relief efforts against hunger to validate their usage. The model’s viability and usefulness in training were validated, and its support for decision-making management in humanitarian operations was confirmed.

Abstract Paper aims The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current Brazilian Integrated Disaster Information System (S2iD), designed to qualify and give transparency to the disaster management in Brazil. Originality Providing an analysis of the system features and its prioritization, this paper can also serve as a reference for implementing software for disaster response. Research method To enable the S2iD evaluation, the research considers a triangulation method that includes literature review, disaster response tool assessment and a multi-criteria decision model based on interviews with specialists. Main findings The study could define and prioritize the most critical functionalities for a disaster response system. On top of it, four new features (Information Security, Multiuser, Donor Evaluation, History Database) not previously documented in the literature were defined as necessary to a disaster management system. Implications for theory and practice The detailed findings indicate ways of improvement for the S2iD.

Abstract Sustainable procurement is a solution to integrate environmental and social considerations in all steps of procurement process, in order to reduce impacts on human health, environment, and human rights. Despite the existence of important works in this area, more studies for determining how the principles related to sustainable development can be integrated to procurement strategies are needed. This study presents a case study in a mining company to evaluate the elements that should be considered for the implementation of sustainability concept in the contracting of services through the application of a sustainability portfolio model. Results show that the contracts of the internal movement's category of the studied company fit as Strategic Commodity, which means that the items in this category have a risk in the strategic supply, because they need investments made by the buyer in the relationship with the supplier.

Nas últimas décadas, desastres naturais têm aumentado em número e intensidade. Organizações humanitárias têm procurado métodos para prevenção e preparação para desastres. Esta situação requer análise de desastres anteriores para que decisões sejam direcionadas às principais vulnerabilidades. Este trabalho objetiva auxiliar as políticas de prevenção e mitigação, por meio de programas de treinamento voltados a preparação para desastres no Brasil, considerando o perfil das populações afetadas. Estudos sobre vulnerabilidade e métodos de treinamento voltados para a prevenção de desastres são conduzidas, assim como análise estatística de dados sobre vítimas de desastres naturais em quatro estados brasileiros. Finalmente, métodos de treinamento são discutidos de acordo com as vulnerabilidades identificadas no estudo. As conclusões observam que programas e métodos de treinamento devem ser mais eficazes e direcionados no Brasil. Estes resultados podem ajudar na mitigação e prevenção de desastres nos estados analisados.

In past decades, disasters have increased in number and intensity. Humanitarian organizations have looked for approaches to prevent and to prepare for disasters. This situation requires the study of previous disasters so that decisions can target the main vulnerabilities. The purpose of this paper is to assist policies for prevention and preparedness through training programs for disaster preparation in Brazil considering the profile of the populations affected by disasters. Literature reviews of vulnerability studies and training methods focused on natural disasters prevention are conducted, and a statistical analysis of data on victims of natural disasters in four Brazilian states is carried out. Finally, training methods are discussed according to the vulnerabilities identified in the study. The conclusions note training programs and methods that should be more effective and targeted in Brazil. The findings can assist disaster mitigation and preparedness in the states studied.

En pasadas décadas los desastres han incrementado en número e intensidad. Organizaciones humanitarias han buscado métodos para la prevención y preparación ante desastres. Esto requiere el estudio de anteriores desastres, tal que las decisiones puedan enfocarse en las principales vulnerabilidades. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo impulsar las políticas de prevención y preparación a través de programas de capacitación orientados a la preparación ante desastres en Brasil, considerando el perfil de las poblaciones afectadas. Se conducen estudios sobre vulnerabilidad y métodos de capacitación en prevención de desastres naturales, y se realiza un análisis estadístico sobre las víctimas de desastres naturales en cuatro estados brasileros. Finalmente, se discuten métodos de capacitación de acuerdo a las vulnerabilidades identificadas en el estudio. Se concluye que los programas y métodos de capacitación deben ser más efectivos y orientados a Brasil. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a la mitigación y prevención de desastres en los estados analizados.

The evaluation of suppliers’ performance is important for organizations because of the imperative role they play in the supply chains and the importance that purchasing functions have due to the outsourcing of activities which are not part of the company’s know-how. There is a need to work on the identification of practical problems concerning the design and implementation of supplier performance measurement systems (SPMS). This paper presents the most important factors in designing and implementing such systems through an action research in a multinational media enterprise. In addition to the details of the method and results of its application, the paper presents an analysis of processes and attributes that define the design of the proposed system. The authors aim to contribute to the academic literature in providing practical issues regarding SPMS.

La evaluación de los proveedores es importante para las organizaciones debido al papel preponderante que éstos cumplen en la dinámica de las cadenas de suministros y a la importancia estratégica que las funciones de compra tienen a raíz de la tercerización de los procesos que no forman parte del know-how de la empresa. No obstante, la literatura académica carece de trabajos concernientes al diseño e implementación de sistemas de medición de desempeño de proveedores (SMDP). En ese contexto, este artículo presenta los factores más importantes del diseño de un SMDP, resaltando, a través de un caso de estudio, los cuidados y recomendaciones que deben ser considerados. Además del detalle del método y los resultados de su aplicación, el artículo presenta el análisis de los procesos y atributos que definen el diseño del SMDP propuesto.

Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo para escolha ótima dos parâmetros de operação de gráficos de X-barra e R (ou de X-barra e S) que minimiza a razão entre o custo de amostragem e a rapidez de detecção de desvios na média ou aumentos na dispersão do processo. Admitem-se três formas alternativas para o problema: minimizar os tempos médios de sinalização sob uma restrição ao custo de amostragem; minimizar esse custo sob uma restrição aos tempos de sinalização; e o problema multiobjetivo de minimizar o custo e os tempos de sinalização. Restrições adicionais são permitidas, para tratar de variantes do problema encontráveis na prática. O procedimento evita a complexidade dos modelos de projeto econômico usuais. São detalhados métodos para determinação dos poucos parâmetros de especificação e entrada exigidos pelo modelo. Um exemplo mostra que o procedimento é de fácil aplicação. Tudo isto aumenta sua aplicabilidade para um grande espectro de situações práticas típicas.

A model is developed for optimum choice of the operation parameters for X-bar - R (or X-bar - S) charts, which minimizes the ratio of sampling costs to detection speed of shifts in the process mean or increases in the process dispersion. Three alternative problem formulations are allowed: minimization of the average time to signal subject to a sampling cost constraint; minimization of the sampling cost subject to a constraint on the average times to signal; and multi-objective optimization of both the average time to signal and the sampling cost. Through optional additional constraints, several practical variants of the problem are admitted. The procedure avoids the complexity of usual economic design models, and methods for determining the values for the few input and specification parameters required are given in detail. An example shows that the procedure is easy to apply. All these features increase its applicability for a wide range of typical practical situations.

É apresentado o planejamento não convencional de gráficos de np para o monitoramento de processos caracterizados por uma fração não conforme muito pequena e cujo procedimento de inspeção é custoso ou demorado, tornando proibitivo o exame de grandes amostras. Sob tais circunstâncias, a base para o planejamento do gráfico de controle é o "trade-off" entre a freqüência de alarmes falsos e a rapidez com que o gráfico sinaliza deteriorações no processo, já que nestes casos (dependendo do tamanho de amostra) o gráfico de np convencional com limites "de três sigma" oferece pouca proteção contra alarmes falsos ou é lento para detectar perturbações no processo. Este estudo foi motivado pelo caso real de um processo de empacotamento de cadernos de jornais. O número nominal de cadernos no pacote depende da espessura do caderno, e pacotes com um número de cadernos diferente do nominal são considerados não conformes.

We present the non-conventional design of np charts used for the surveillance of processes characterized by a very low fraction nonconforming, with a costly and/or time-consuming inspection procedure, which makes the inspection of large samples prohibitive. Under these circumstances, the trade-off between the false-alarm rate and the speed with which the chart signals process deteriorations is the basis to design the control chart, once (depending on the sample size) the conventional np chart with "three-sigma" limits offers little protection against false alarms or is slow in detecting process disturbances. The study was motivated by the real case of a newspapers packaging process. The nominal number of newspapers in the package depends on the newspaper's breadth, and packages with a number of newspapers different from nominal are considered nonconforming.